Pharmaceutical Microbiology

1. a. Briefly describe the application of microbiology.
b. Briefly discuss about the contribution of i) AV Leeuwen-hoeck ii) Alexander Fleming
and iii) Louis Pasteur in Microbiology.
c. How can you test the sterility of a bacteriological media?
2, a. Define sterile products. Write down the name of some sterile products.
b. Define sterilization. Describe the process of autoclaving.
c. Describe the gram staining process of bacteria.
d. Write down the name of some gram-Positive and gram-negative bacteria.
3. a. What is peptidoglycan? Describe the composition and structure of the cell wall of
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
b. Define Protoplast and Spheroplast.
c. What are flagella? Write down the composition and gram-negative bacteria.
4. a. Draw and label the structure of a lophotrichous bacteria.
b. What is bacterial chemotaxis? Describe the mechanism of bacterial movement.
c. Describe briefly the shape of bacteria.